Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway. [153] From the early 2010s, Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services. The government of Tamil Nadu created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for implementing the Chennai Metro Rail Project. [188], Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. [191], Chennai has emerged as the "SaaS Capital of India". British constructed Fort St. George[52] and established a trading post at Madras. Much later, the Pallavas were replaced by the Chola dynasty as the dominant kingdom in the 9th century and they in turn were replaced by the Pandyan Dynasty in the 13th century. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km (3,698 mi) and there are 532 railway stations in the state. The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956. [145] The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916. The first day, Bhogi Pongal is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. [109] As of 2001 census Tamil is spoken as the first language by nearly 90 per cent of the state's population followed by Telugu (5.65%), Kannada (1.67%), Urdu (1.51%), Malayalam (0.89%).[5]. Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Over 11% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. The urban bodies include 15 city corporations, 152 municipalities and 529 town panchayats. The famine led to the migration of many Tamil peasants as bonded labourers for the British to countries like Malaysia and Mauritius, which eventually formed the present Tamil diaspora. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the tiger reserves in the state. Arthedain was one of three Dúnedain realms born in the schism of Arnor, in the Third Age. Thereafter, the Justice party was taken over by Periyar who renamed it Dravidar Kazhagam and took it out of electoral politics. According to official data, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the total invested capital in all the industries. The state also accounts for 50 per cent of leather exports[181][182] from India, valued at around US$3.3 billion of the total US$6.5 billion from India. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. [190] Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai. [48] The Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur were the most prominent Nayaks of the 17th century. In these poems, a glimpse of Tamil society at the time can be glimpsed. Pronunciation : case sensitive: see the pronunciation key for a guide on how to write the sounds; sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations * is a wildcard that will match zero or more letters in the pronunciation example: *lee matches names which end with the sound lee _ is a wildcard that will match exactly one letter in the pronunciation Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called kizhar or mannar. Aditya I and his son Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king, Aparajitavarman. The state has registered the lowest fertility rate in India in the year 2005–06 with 1.7 children born for each woman, lower than required for population sustainability. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including elephants, tigers, leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri langurs, Nilgiri tahrs, grizzled giant squirrels and sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as cormorants, darters, herons, egrets, open-billed storks, spoonbills and white ibises, little grebes, Indian moorhen, black-winged stilts, a few migratory ducks and occasionally grey pelicans, marine species such as the dugongs, turtles, dolphins, Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure.[232]. [148], There are more than 30 television channels of various genres in Tamil. [6] Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India, and one of the most industrialised states; the manufacturing sector accounts for more than one-third of the state's GDP. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri Hills. Mumbai: A day after interim Congress president Sonia Gandhi wrote to Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray to remind him of the Common Minimum Program (CMP) of the government and sought the implementation of certain measures for the welfare of Dalits and tribals, senior Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut said that “there is no politics” in play here. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical mainstream. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. Literacy was widespread and epics such as the Cilappatikaram were written. The Pudukkottai kingdom has the distinction of being the only princely state in Tamil Nadu, and only became part of the Indian union in 1948 after independence.[60]. The western, southern, and the northwestern parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4 per cent is significant. The fall of the Madurai Nayaks brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small parcels of land called Palayams. [61] The revolt, which took place in Vellore, was brief, lasting one full day, but brutal as mutineers broke into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops, before they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot. The gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. [176] Tirupur is the country's largest exporter of knitwear. [98] The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832. They were his most notable human ally in the Third Age. They had extensive trade links with the southeast Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors, as well as contacts, even formal diplomatic contacts, reaching as far as the Roman Empire. [150] The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost ₹3.6 billion (US$50 million) of which has led to high penetration of TV services. The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of Ghana among the developing countries. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully. The club is also a popular venue for major golf tournaments held in India. [96][97], At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030. [154] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".[69]. They reconstructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the Meenakshi Temple. Most promient of these works is the Tirukkuṟaḷ written by Valluvar, a collection of couplets covering all aspects of life from ethics to love. Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, a small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. However, due to the differences between its two leaders E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south coast of India, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world. The chieftains of these Palayams were known as Palaiyakkarar (or 'polygar' as called by British) and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic. The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹18.45 trillion (US$260 billion) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹218,000 (US$3,100). [103] However, it has a high level of poverty, especially in rural areas. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern parts. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the Non-Brahmin Manifesto[67] and helped to form the Justice Party, an organization that sought to reduce Brahmin domination of the civil service. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions. 1 History 2 People 3 Etymology 4 See also 5 Translations 6 References During the reign of King Eärendur of Arnor, his sons were in an open discord that erupted into civil war after Eärendur's death in TA 861. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. Oomaithurai, younger brother of Kattabomman, took asylum under the Maruthu brothers, Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and raised an army. The Super Kings are the most successful team in the league with three IPL titles at par with Mumbai Indians and two CLT20 titles. This text is still treated with great reveremce by those in the present-day. On the third day, Maattu Pongal is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. This includes 1,559 species of medicinal plants, 533 endemic species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230 red-listed species. 48.4 per cent of the state's population lives in urban areas, the third-highest percentage among large states in India. Boy: Indian: Agan: A unisex name which means beautiful or handsome and intelligent. Tamil Nadu has four international airports, namely Chennai International Airport, Coimbatore International Airport, Tiruchirapalli International Airport and Madurai International Airport. As a breakaway faction of the DMK. Veeran Sundaralingam (1700–1800) was the General of Kattabomman Nayakan's palayam, who died in the process of blowing up a British ammunition dump in 1799 which killed more than 150 British soldiers to save Kattapomman Palace. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting football and track and field events. The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola. The date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. Other major Hindu festivals including Deepavali (Death of Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Krishna Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated. [101][102] The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain-bearing clouds of the south-west monsoon from entering the state. [185][citation needed]. From the Germanic elements hrod meaning "fame" and landa meaning "land", though some theories hold that the second element was originally nand meaning "brave". Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.[71]. [117] Unique cultural features like Bharatanatyam[118] (dance), Tanjore painting,[119] and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu. ", "How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script", Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution, "The Hindu : National : 'Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur", "Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us? [183] Major global automobile companies including BMW, Ford, Robert Bosch, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors, and Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Isuzu Motors, TI cycles, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Royal Enfield, MRF, Apollo Tyres, TAFE Tractors, Daimler AG Company invested ₹4 billion for establishing a new plant in Tamil Nadu. [47] The Pallavas ruled parts of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. The Justice Party which was under E. V. Ramasamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. Sashtri, A History of South India, pp 109–112, 'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. The question is: Who made them? [164] The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu. The centenary old Pamban Bridge over sea connecting Rameswaram in Pamban island to the mainland is an engineering marvel. The Haradrim, known in Westron as theSouthrons and once as "Swertings" by Hobbits, were the race of Men from Harad in the region of Middle-earth directly south of Gondor. 'The vast quantities of gold and silver coins struck by, K.A.N. [62][63] The British crown took over the control governance from the company and the remainder of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance until the beginning of 20th century Indian Independence movements. [143] Tamil cinema is one of the largest industries of film production in India. The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is in the southwest of the state bordering Kerala in the Western Ghats. The state has two distinct periods of rainfall: The annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in) of which 48 per cent is through the northeast monsoon, and 32 per cent through the southwest monsoon. The YMCA College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia. Sastri, "Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu.". [36], Significant trade was also undertaken with the outside world. [136] He was once referred to by Time magazine as "The Mozart of Madras". In 1972, M. G. Ramachandran founded the new Dravidian party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) named after his political mentor C. N. Annadurai popularly called "Anna". The categories are: Pathinenmaelkanakku (The Major Eighteen Anthology Series) comprising Eṭṭuttokai (The Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Pathinenkilkanakku (The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series). [192][193][194][195] The SaaS sector in/around Chennai generates US$1 billion in revenue and employs about 10000 personnel. Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which released the most number of films in India in 2013. Tamil Nadu has a wide range of biomes extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan thorn scrub forests to tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches, estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs of the Bay of Bengal. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the Congress party captured power defeating the Justice party. [3] It ranks 11th among all Indian states in human development index. It has now been converted into a joint venture of the governments of India and of Tamil Nadu with equal equity holding. [115] The Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by Kamaraj, then it was expanded by M G Ramachandran in 1983. Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the Kingdom of Mysore. The Pandyan capital Madurai was in the deep south away from the coast. [156] Idlis, dosas, and sambar are quite common throughout the state. [215] From a power surplus state in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in commercial power generation at Kudankulam Atomic Power Project. The governor is the constitutional head of the state while the Chief Minister is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. Mahamagam a bathing festival at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is celebrated once in 12 years. Vettuvan Koil, the unfinished temple is believed to have been built during the 8th century by Pandyas in Kalugumalai, a panchayat town in Thoothukudi district. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. During the 13th century, Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The reason for the victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding complete independence of India. Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi), and is the eleventh-largest state in India. Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. [164] Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed seagrass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes, and mangrove forests. 16,564 Revenue villages (Village Panchayat) are the primary grassroots level administrative units which in turn might include many villages and administered by a Village Administrative Officer (VAO), many of which form a Revenue Block. Buyer's Guide. Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in Pulicat,[50] while the Danes had their establishment in Tharangambadi also known as Tranquebar. Major national and global IT companies such as Atos Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, Amazon.com, Capgemini, CGI, PayPal, IBM, NTT DATA, Accenture, Ramco Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, DXC Technology, Cognizant, Tech Mahindra, Virtusa, LTI, Mphasis, Mindtree, Zoho, and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. [128] The Sangam literature also deals with human relations and emotions. [72] Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: northeast, northwest, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Kaveri Delta (the most fertile agricultural zone). Indian Angiosperm diversity comprises 17,672 species with Tamil Nadu leading all states in the country, with 5640 species accounting for 1/3 of the total flora of India. [67], Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the Government of India Act 1935. At the beginning of the 19th century, the British firmly established governance over the entirety of Tamil Nadu. [51] In 1639, the British, under the East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present-day Chennai. [217] With a generating capacity of 648 MWp at a single location, it is the world's sixth largest (as of 2018) solar park. Synonyms for policymaker include lawmaker, legislator, lawgiver, congressman, congresswoman, congressperson, solon, councilman, councilperson and councilwoman. [122][123] It is one of the oldest Indian literature amongst all others. Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges[113] 449 polytechnic colleges[114] and 566 arts and science colleges, 34,335 elementary schools, 5,167 high schools, 5,054 higher secondary schools and 5,000 hospitals. [213] The total installed capacity of electricity in the state by January 2014 was 20,716 MW. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets. Jallikattu, a bull-taming contest, marks the main event of this day. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". Coffee and tea are the staple drinks. Loco sheds are located at Erode, Arakkonam, Royapuram in Chennai and Tondaiyarpet in Chennai, Ponmalai (GOC) in Tiruchirappalli as Diesel Loco Shed. ", "Top 5 Indian States Exporting Leather Products to Other Countries", "Why Chennai turned into 'Detroit of India, "Coimbatore: IT sector on the fast track : NATION – India Today", https://www.crayondata.com/blog/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms, https://medium.com/@prabinsamuel/saasboomi-shocking-secret-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india-50f251b3a7f1, https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/111018/chennai-is-saas-capital-of-india-edappadi-k-palaniswami.html, "National Highways Summary – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India", "Join the Citizen Dialogue on Highway Safety – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India", "Groundwork at Neyveli airport done, interested airlines send in bids for opening | Chennai News - Times of India", "Why Thoothukudi was chosen as ISRO's second spaceport", "Airtel 4G - Prepaid | Postpaid | Broadband | Payments Bank| DTH", "Vodafone India - Prepaid | Postpaid | International Roaming | Buy New Connection", "Airtel Broadband Chennai- Ph:9840022123 -New V Fiber Plans", "Best Broadband and Wired Internet Service Provider in India", "Best Broadband Provider - Broadband Plans - Hathway High Speed Internet", "Tamil Nadu all set for Rs 1,500 crore mega optic fibre network", "Adani plans 1,000MW solar power plant at Ramanathapuram | Chennai News – Times of India", "India unveils the world's largest solar power plant", TN Sports and Youth Welfare department 1992, Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu 2012, "Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years", "Tamil Nadu ranks third in FDI, favoured destination", "Chennai is the most densely populated city in Tamil Nadu, according to census 2011", "Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution", "The Hindu: National: Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu", "The Hindu: National: 'Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur", "India's Jurassic nest dug up in Tamil Nadu", "Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry", "Top three States – a socio-economic comparison", "Oscars: Eight on ten for 'Slumdog Millionaire, "A R Rahman wins best original score Oscar", "Bihar is country's fastest growing state at 13.1%", "Contrary to Modi's projections, Gujarat's growth story is riddled with contradictions – The Economic Times", "Flextronics signs pact for Chennai facility", "TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI", "Tamil Nadu the most urbanised State: Minister", "Education is the means of social mobility – Rediff India Abroad", "State Domestic Product and other aggregates, 2004–05 series", "Gross State Domestic Product at Constant 2004–05 Prices (in Rs. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is Kanyakumari which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. The Pteridophytes diversity of India includes 1,022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. [citation needed], Tamil Nadu has three major seaports located at Chennai, Ennore and Thoothukudi, as well as seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam. Tamil Nadu government is planning to lay 55,000 km of optical fibre cable across the state and provide high-speed internet up to 1 Gbit/s and connect all the corporations, municipalities, town panchayats and village panchayats. People from all the corners of the country come to Kumbakonam for the festival. of Forests", "United Nations, System of Organisations", "Statistical Report of 2006 Tamil Nadu assembly results", "Distribution by Language – States and Union Territories – 2001", "Teachers Absence from Public Schools in India – World Bank", "District wise Polytechnic colleges in Tamil Nadu during the year 2010–2011", "Glaring regional disparities in human development index", "Multidimensional Poverty Index of Tamil Nadu", "Tamil Nadu – States and Union Territories – Know India: National Portal of India", "National Horticulture Mission -Action Plan for Tamil Nadu", "Production of Tea in India During And Up to August 2002", "Oil Palm Sector in India – World Wildlife Fund – India", "Livestock & Poultry Statistics from Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries, Government of India", "The Challenge of Reform: How Tamil Nadu's Textile and Apparel Industry is Facing the Pressures of Liberalisation", "Daimler Trucks Unveils Truck Test Track in Oragadam", "What's new | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by a confederacy of Deccan sultanates. Although these dynasties were never conquered by outside powers, there were still significant diplomatic contacts between them and kingdoms to the north. [37] One of the most prized goods from Tamilkam was spices such as black pepper, but other spices, pearls and silk was also widely traded there. There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 5,006.14 km (3,110.67 mi).
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